WPA and WPA2
It's important to
remember that these are certifications by the WiFi Alliance and not from the
802.11 standard. This means that they validate that a device uses portions of
the security that 802.11 provides. They both come in two forms, Personal and
Enterprise. Personal is known as Pre Shared Key because it uses a PSK.
WPA has been
depreciated and as such its use should be as well. It used TKIP/RC4 and again,
as such, TKIP/RC4 should no longer be used either.
The Enterprise
version of both WPA and WPA2 both use the 802.1x framework for authentication
and key management. This framework has three primary components.
1.) Supplicant
(Client STA)
2.) Authenticator
(AP or Controller)
3.) Authentication
Server (This is normally your RADIUS server)
The EAPoL protocol
is used for communication between the Supplicant and Authenticator, and RADIUS
is used between the Authenticator and the Authentication Server.
The process looks
something like this
- Client Authenticates and Associates to an AP
- Open System Authentication takes place
- EAP Authentication using the RADIUS server
- 4-way handshake generates encryption keys for STA and AP
- Encrypted communications
commence.
Carpenter, Tom. CWAP:
Certified Wireless Analysis Professional: Official study guide: Edition
CWAP-402. Certitrek Publishing, 2016.
RADIUS
RADIUS - Remote
Authentication Dial-In User Service
RADIUS Process
- Access Request - Username/Password or Certificate
- Access Challenge
- Access Accept/Reject
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