802.11ac Frame Format
Carpenter, Tom. CWAP:
Certified Wireless Analysis Professional: Official study guide: Edition
CWAP-402. Certitrek Publishing, 2016.
Frame Control - The
first part of the frame is the Frame Control field, and understandably since it
sets a number of incredibly important parameters about the frame. We'll touch
on a the individual fields of the Frame Control field below. First though, here
is a picture of what the Frame Control field looks like and what its components
are.
Carpenter,
Tom. CWAP: Certified Wireless Analysis Professional: Official study guide:
Edition CWAP-402. Certitrek Publishing, 2016.
Protocol Version - This is always set to 00.
This is to indicate if there is an incompatible version, but as of right
now, no incompatible versions exist.
Type - This defines the frame type, whether
the frame is a management, control, or data frame, and what the subtype is.
List of Frame Types and Subtypes are below, along with their associated bits.
Type
|
Bits
|
Subtype
|
Bits
|
Management
|
00
|
Beacon
|
1000
|
Management
|
00
|
Association
Request
|
0000
|
Management
|
00
|
Association
Response
|
0001
|
Management
|
00
|
Authentication
|
1011
|
Management
|
00
|
Deauthentication
|
1100
|
Management
|
00
|
Action
|
1101
|
Management
|
00
|
Action
NO ACK
|
1110
|
Control
|
01
|
Control
Wrapper
|
0111
|
Control
|
02
|
Block
ACK Request
|
1000
|
Control
|
03
|
Block
ACK Request
|
1001
|
Control
|
04
|
PS-Poll
|
1010
|
Control
|
05
|
RTS
|
1011
|
Control
|
06
|
CTS
|
1100
|
Control
|
07
|
ACK
|
1101
|
Data
|
10
|
Standard
Data Frame
|
0000
|
Data
|
10
|
Null
Data Frame
|
0100
|
Data
|
10
|
QoS
Data
|
1000
|
Data
|
10
|
QoS
Null Data Frame
|
1110
|
To DS/From DS - These are one bit each and
determine where the frame is coming from, and where it is going to. Whether its
going from a STA to an AP, or from an AP and destined for a STA, or, in the
case of an IBSS, going from one STA to another STA.
Carpenter,
Tom. CWAP: Certified Wireless Analysis Professional: Official study guide:
Edition CWAP-402. Certitrek Publishing, 2016.
More Fragments - This subfield indicates
whether the current frame being transmitted is part of a fragmented frame.
Remember that frames can be fragmented if its size is over that of the
fragmentation threshold (default of 2346). Basically it takes a large frame and
breaks it into smaller pieces. Although this can lower speed and add overhead,
it also increases the probability that the frame will actually be received in a
dirty RF environment. Further, if a retry does take place, it will normally
only have to resend a single fragmented frame. Rather than the entire large
frame.
Retry Field - Retries occur when the
transmitting station sends a frame, but does not receive an ACK. It will then
resend the frame (when it can get back on the air) and this resent frame will
have the Retry Field set to 1. This is useful for a number of reasons. For the
receiving device it eliminates duplicate frames. It also has the added benefit
of being helpful in tracking the amount of retries in the environment to see if
there are any issues. A WiFi protocol analyzer will often have a report that
can hone in on this bit to provide you reports on the retry amount/percentage.
Power Management Field - When power management
is used by a STA, this field is set to 1. Indicating the mode that the STA will
be in after if its finished transmitting the frame. With this in mind, AP's
will never transmit with this bit on since they don’t enter Power Save mode.
When an AP receives a frame from an STA with this bit set to 1 it knows that it
needs to buffer subsequent data destined for that STA since it's in a power
save mode. Once the STA wakes up, it will transmit all buffered data down to
it.
More Data - This could also be called the
"STAY AWAKE!" field. When this field is set to 1 it indicates that
the AP has more frames buffered for a STA. Therefore the STA doesn't go to
sleep before receiving all the data the AP has buffered for it.
Protected Frame Field - If the field is set to
1 it means that the MSDU is encrypted. If it is set to 0 it means that there is
no MAC sublayer encryption being used.
Order Field - In a non-QoS Frame this is set
to 1 to indicated that the frame includes an MSDU. It is also set to 1 in a QoS
data or management frame to show that the frame also contains an HT Control
field. This gives HT capable devices the heads up to decode the HT Control
field.
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